Thai
Sikh International School.
Geography Notes,Year10 [Topic23,
Work and employment ]
1.
Name
the three sectors in which human employment is classified? Explain about them.
The
three sectors in which employment is classified are:
1. Primary:
This is the sector in which the country’s economy grows or extracts raw
materials. It includes fishing, agriculture, forestry and mining.
2. Secondary:
This sector concerns with the manufacturing and processing of goods. It uses
the products of primary industry either directly or indirectly. Eg. Coal, iron
ore and lime stone are used directly to make steel.
3. Tertiary:
This sector provides services. People may pay directly for a private service.
Eg. Paying for a taxi. The government using money taken indirectly through
taxes; provide public services like schools and hospitals.
1. Differentiate between Formal and
informal employment.
A
person who is formally employed receives a wage or salary from their employer.
They usually have a contract that gives them certain rights, as paid holidays
and maternity leave. They are also responsible for attending work every day
during set hours. In MEDs most people have a formal job.
A
person who is informally employed does not receive a regular wage. They work
when they need to or when they feel like it. They often avoid paying tax. They
get no benefits or sick pay. In LEDs most people have an informal work.
2. Explain how employment structures
change over time.
Employment
structures change over time. Countries like USA, UK and Russia are regarded as
industrialized countries where as countries like China, India and South Africa
are regarded as newly industrialized countries. By 2050 China, USA, India,
Japan, Brazil and Mexico are expected to be the most economically developed
countries in the world. As a country develops its economy, the proportion of
its working force in the different employment sectors changes. For example if
more machinery used in farming, it can release many people from working in the
land and they can work in other sectors.
23a.
Changing employment – South Africa.
1. Give a brief description about the history of
South Africa?
1.
In 1652 white Dutch traders from
Netherlands landed on South coast of what now called South Africa and
concentrated on Cape Town.
2.
In 1806 the British seize this area. The
Dutch settlers known as Boers or farmers move inland. The discovery of diamonds
and gold around Johannesburg encouraged more white immigration and native black
population was forced to give up their lands.
3.
Between 1899 and 1902 the British and
Boers fight the Boer war which the British win.
4.
In 1948 the national party (mostly Afrikaners)
is voted into power and instituted a policy of Apartheid- the segregation of
the population into white, black, colored and Indian races.
5.
. In 1994 the first non- racial election
took place. This brings in black majority rule for the first time. Nelson Mandela
was elected President.
2. Describe
South Africa as a changing country.
South
Africa is changing rapidly. These changes are affecting employment
opportunities. Before 1994, when white minority ruled, they held all the
positions of power and influence. They were the politicians, factory managers,
land owners and farmers. The black minority relied on the white minority for
employment, usually in low paid jobs as farm lands, miners and laborers.
Eventually
civil riots and international protests led to the white minority to abandon
Apartheid, aid allowing each person a vote. New employment situation for some
black people has changed.
3. Explain
the term ‘Economic Empowerment’
A
policy of Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) was adopted in 1995. This provides
for measures to prevent discrimination against the black majority when applying
for work and employment. These rules should enable more black people to gain
jobs . But most adult black Africans could not access to get new jobs due to
the lack of qualifications. Only limited progress has been made since 1994.
23b. Changing employment-Russia.
1.
Describe how Russia, a communist country
changed to capitalism?
Russia
is the world’s largest capitalist country. It has land boundaries with 13
countries. Until 1989 the economy of the USSR(Union of the Soviet Socialist
Republics) which included Russia and many other countries, was based on
communism. For much of the 20th century it competed with the USA,
whose economy was based on capitalism.
By
1989 it was clear that Soviet communist was not working. Many Republic chose to
become independent and a new Russia, reduced in size, was founded. In the past
20 years Russia has moved towards a more capitalist economy.
2.
What is a multinational company?
Multi
National companies (MNCs) are those with branches in more than one country.
Since 1989 Russia has allowed companies from overseas to build factories and
provide shops and services especially in Moscow and St Petersburg. These
provide new opportunities for employment as well as more choice for consumers.
3.
Explain how employment changed overtime
in Russia since 1990. ( Use statistics in your answer.)
In
the past 20 years Russia has moved towards a more capitalist economy. This has
created new employment opportunities. In 1990 the percentage of population in
primary secondary and tertiary sector was 14, 42 and 44 respectively. But in
2007 the percentage became more in secondary and tertiary sectors. It can be
cleared with the use of statistics shown below:
Work force %
|
1990
|
2007
|
Primary
|
14
|
11
|
Secondary
|
42
|
11
|
Tertiary
|
44
|
60
|
4.
What are the basic differences between
Capitalist and communist system of government. ( Mention any four.) Write from
textbook, Page No. 124.
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